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log.c
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1993-05-15
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/*
* Copyright (c) 1985 Regents of the University of California.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
* must display the following acknowledgement:
* This product includes software developed by the University of
* California, Berkeley and its contributors.
* 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#ifndef lint
static char sccsid[] = "@(#)log.c 5.6 (Berkeley) 10/9/90";
#endif /* not lint */
/* LOG(X)
* RETURN THE LOGARITHM OF x
* DOUBLE PRECISION (VAX D FORMAT 56 bits or IEEE DOUBLE 53 BITS)
* CODED IN C BY K.C. NG, 1/19/85;
* REVISED BY K.C. NG on 2/7/85, 3/7/85, 3/24/85, 4/16/85.
*
* Required system supported functions:
* scalb(x,n)
* copysign(x,y)
* logb(x)
* finite(x)
*
* Required kernel function:
* log__L(z)
*
* Method :
* 1. Argument Reduction: find k and f such that
* x = 2^k * (1+f),
* where sqrt(2)/2 < 1+f < sqrt(2) .
*
* 2. Let s = f/(2+f) ; based on log(1+f) = log(1+s) - log(1-s)
* = 2s + 2/3 s**3 + 2/5 s**5 + .....,
* log(1+f) is computed by
*
* log(1+f) = 2s + s*log__L(s*s)
* where
* log__L(z) = z*(L1 + z*(L2 + z*(... (L6 + z*L7)...)))
*
* See log__L() for the values of the coefficients.
*
* 3. Finally, log(x) = k*ln2 + log(1+f). (Here n*ln2 will be stored
* in two floating point number: n*ln2hi + n*ln2lo, n*ln2hi is exact
* since the last 20 bits of ln2hi is 0.)
*
* Special cases:
* log(x) is NaN with signal if x < 0 (including -INF) ;
* log(+INF) is +INF; log(0) is -INF with signal;
* log(NaN) is that NaN with no signal.
*
* Accuracy:
* log(x) returns the exact log(x) nearly rounded. In a test run with
* 1,536,000 random arguments on a VAX, the maximum observed error was
* .826 ulps (units in the last place).
*
* Constants:
* The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following constants.
* The decimal values may be used, provided that the compiler will convert
* from decimal to binary accurately enough to produce the hexadecimal values
* shown.
*/
#include <errno.h>
#include "mathimpl.h"
vc(ln2hi, 6.9314718055829871446E-1 ,7217,4031,0000,f7d0, 0, .B17217F7D00000)
vc(ln2lo, 1.6465949582897081279E-12 ,bcd5,2ce7,d9cc,e4f1, -39, .E7BCD5E4F1D9CC)
vc(sqrt2, 1.4142135623730950622E0 ,04f3,40b5,de65,33f9, 1, .B504F333F9DE65)
ic(ln2hi, 6.9314718036912381649E-1, -1, 1.62E42FEE00000)
ic(ln2lo, 1.9082149292705877000E-10, -33, 1.A39EF35793C76)
ic(sqrt2, 1.4142135623730951455E0, 0, 1.6A09E667F3BCD)
#ifdef vccast
#define ln2hi vccast(ln2hi)
#define ln2lo vccast(ln2lo)
#define sqrt2 vccast(sqrt2)
#endif
double log(x)
double x;
{
static const double zero=0.0, negone= -1.0, half=1.0/2.0;
double s,z,t;
int k,n;
#if !defined(vax)&&!defined(tahoe)
if(x!=x) return(x); /* x is NaN */
#endif /* !defined(vax)&&!defined(tahoe) */
if(finite(x)) {
if( x > zero ) {
/* argument reduction */
k=logb(x); x=scalb(x,-k);
if(k == -1022) /* subnormal no. */
{n=logb(x); x=scalb(x,-n); k+=n;}
if(x >= sqrt2 ) {k += 1; x *= half;}
x += negone ;
/* compute log(1+x) */
s=x/(2+x); t=x*x*half;
z=k*ln2lo+s*(t+log__L(s*s));
x += (z - t) ;
return(k*ln2hi+x);
}
/* end of if (x > zero) */
else {
#if defined(vax)||defined(tahoe)
if ( x == zero )
return (infnan(-ERANGE)); /* -INF */
else
return (infnan(EDOM)); /* NaN */
#else /* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
/* zero argument, return -INF with signal */
if ( x == zero )
return( negone/zero );
/* negative argument, return NaN with signal */
else
return ( zero / zero );
#endif /* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
}
}
/* end of if (finite(x)) */
/* NOTREACHED if defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
/* log(-INF) is NaN with signal */
else if (x<0)
return(zero/zero);
/* log(+INF) is +INF */
else return(x);
}